123 School Work

Hdyrolysis of Halogenoalkanes

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  AIM
  The aim of this activity is to find out how the rate of the hydrolysis of halogenoalkane depends on the nature of the carbon hydrogen skeleton and the identity of the halogen alkane.
  
  INTRODUCTION
  Halogenoalkanes are alkane molecules in which one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by at least one halogen atom. If they contain one halogen atom and there are no multiple bonds, then their general formula is:
  
  C2H2n+1X
  They are named as substitute alkanes with chloro -, bromo - and iodo used as prefix. Some examples of halogenoalkanes are:
  
  Chloromethane (CH3Cl),
  
  
            
  
  Bromoethane (CH3CH2Br)
  
  
  
  
  
  There are three types of halogenoalkanes. They are classified as:
  Primary (10): On the carbon with the halogen, there are two hydrogen atoms for instance:
  CH3CH2CH2CH2I (1 iodobutane)
  
  
  
  
  
  CH3CH2CH2CH2Br (1 bromobutane)
  
  
  
  
  
  
  Secondary (20): On the carbon with the halogen, there will be only one hydrogen for instance:
  CH3CH2CHClCH3 (2 Chlorobutane)
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  CH3CH2CHBrCH3 (2 bromobutane)
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  Tertiary (30): On the carbon that contains the halogen, there are no hydrogen atoms for instance:
  (CH3)3CBr (2 bromo 2 methylpropane)
  
  
  
  
  
  
  POLARITY & BOND ENERGY OF HALOGENOALKANES
  Bond polarity occurs in covalent bonds. It occurs when there is a difference in electronegativity between the atoms. The Carbon Halogen bond is a polar bond as there is an unequal distribution of electrons which results in a partial charge separation. This partial separation is due to the electronegativity values of the Carbon and Halogen atom.
  Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in a covalent bond to attract the bonding electrons. This basically means that it is a relative measure of the attraction an atom has for any electron in a covalent bond between it and another atom...