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Group One - Alkali Metals Group Two - Alkaline Earth Metals Groups Three - Twelve-Transition Elements Group Seventeen - Halogens Group Eighteen - Noble Gases - All columns have same number of valence electrons - Columns share the same physical properties and chemical reactions - An element is considered to be isoelectronic to the element in Group Eighteen with the closest atomic number - Left of Staircase = Metals (example: Potassium) - Right of Staircase = Non-metals (example: Chlorine) - Touching Staircase = Semi-Metals (not including aluminium) Columns = Number of valence electrons in the outer energy level Rows = Number of total energy levels - Hydrogen does not belong in Group One because it is not a metal but it does belong because it has one valence electron - Helium does not belong in Group Eighteen because it only has two valence electrons but it does belong because it is a stable octet Lewis Diagram - Elementfs abbreviation surrounded by its number of valence electrons - Example: O Bohr-Rutherford Diagram - Elementfs abbreviation, number of protons and number of neutrons, surrounded by all of its energy shells and electrons - Example: iquid¨Solid-Freezing Liquid¨Gas-Evaporation Gas¨Solid-Sublimation Gas¨Liquid-Condensation Levels of Atmosphere Troposphere-Varies from warm to cold Stratosphere-Starts cold and warms up gradually Mesosphere-Extremely cold Ionosphere-N/A Thermosphere-Extremely hot Jet Streams - High-speed winds that reach up to 300km/h - Move from west to east near the top of the troposphere - Caused by contact between cold and warm air - Found at boundaries between the polar and temperate zones Coriolis Effect (Blue lines) - Warm air moves upwards at warmest point to replace cold air at the coldest point - Cold air moves to replace warm air (Green arrows) - Earth is spinning counter clock-wise -Wider parts of the earth spin faster in order to make a full revolution and keep up with narrower parts Polar Easterlies -Fall behind instead of traveling up because they cannot keep up with faster, wider parts of the Earth Prevailing Westerlies -Traveling from faster point to slower point so they move ahead of slower points Trade winds -Travelling from slower point to faster point so they fall behind -The Coriolis effect causes certain winds to travel in directions in accordance to their positions on the Earth Greenhouse Effect - Atmosphere acts as greenhouse because it holds heat energy in its molecules and prevents them form escaping - Greenhouse gases trap thermal energy in the atmosphere and prevent it from escaping into outer space - C02(Carbon Dioxide) and CH4(Methane) are very good at holding energy - They absorb infrared radiation and hold on to it well - The ozone layer continuously gets destroyed and ultra violet rays come through from the Sun, which are harmful to our bodies Tornadoes - Swirling vortex of air - Speeds vary from 60-500km/h
Approximate Word count = 433
Approximate Pages = 1.7
(250 words per page double spaced)
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