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Bluetooth
Short-range radio links no cables are required. ...
Bluetooth offers wireless access to LAN.
A Bluetooth device can communicate in anywhere in the world to other blue tooth device, regardless of brand.
Bluetooth works in ad-hoc networks called Pico nets for connectivity each device can simultaneously communicates to other device in a Pico net. ...
The immediate need for Bluetooth comes from the desire to connect peripherals and devices without cables.
Bluetooth also used in home networking. ...
Bluetooth was invented in 1994 by L. ... The standard is named after Herald blaatand “Bluetooth” II, king of Denmark 940-981 A.D
Bluetooth Special Internet Group (SIG) was founded by Ericsson, IBM, Nokia & Toshiba in 1998. ...
Bluetooth Requirement
The most important requirement in establishing a wireless link that there should be a universal frame work that offers means to access information across a diverse set of devices. ...
The Bluetooth standard must establish ad-hoc communication without any user command or interaction.
Bluetooth device must support data and voice also requirements of multimedia and video are the features for Bluetooth devices in future.
Bluetooth system should be able to incorporate new usage models without requiring any registration of the new service with a central authority.
In Bluetooth systems communication should be secure as in cables.
Bluetooth Technical challenges
The system has to use an unlicensed band for universal acceptance and usage.
Bluetooth use ISM band for universal acceptance.
In Bluetooth each transmitter use nominal power which is required for communication, avoid the interference in the ISM band. ...
The multi path and fading also handled in the Bluetooth systems.
Security also provided in the Bluetooth as in other wireless systems.
Basic Bluetooth system architecture
Protocol Stack
Protocol stack consist of different layer which have different features. ...
To reduce the noise in Bluetooth it uses CVSD coding to reduce high bit errors.
The nominal hop rate in Bluetooth is 1600 hops per second. ...
Gaussian pre-filtered binary FSK techniques uses in Bluetooth. ... 5
In Bluetooth we may transmit variable power according to our scenario, for the ten meter range which is normally use we set power of transmitter to 0dbm while it can be increased to 20dbm for a range of 100 meter. ...
Host Control Interface:
Bluetooth enabled module can plug as a card to any PC or Laptop’s. ...
The Bluetooth hardware module usually implements the lower-layer Radio, base band, and Link manager protocol.
A driver is a must to be install on the “Host” Known as PC and a “Host controller interface” is required on the Bluetooth hardware card to accept data over the physically bus.
Thus the higher layer of Bluetooth includes L2CAP and above is deploy in software and the lower ones in hardware. ... It resides in the host, above the physical bus, and formats the data to be accepted by the Host controller on the Bluetooth hardware.
Host controller interface
This resides on the Bluetooth hardware and accepts communication over the physical bus. ... Application may use other protocol like TCP-IP or WAP and Bluetooth allow these to inter operate. ...
There are some usage models of Bluetooth:
Three in one phone
A single hand set works as a intercom in the office(no call charges) as an PSTN phone where an access point to PSTN is available, and a mobile otherwise. ...
Establishing Connection In Bluetooth
Authentication only required for the first time device enter in the environment. ...
Clock
Every Bluetooth device has an internal system clock that determines the timing and hoping of the transceiver. The Bluetooth clock never turns off. The Bluetooth clock has no relation to the time of the day. ...
The Bluetooth device modes
Active mode
In this mode Bluetooth device actively participates on the channel. ... SDP must run to discover the services on the Bluetooth device. ... All these functions are provided by the base band in Bluetooth. ...
Each Bluetooth unit has a unit key install on its non-volatile memory. ... There are some protocols used in Bluetooth. ...
TCS this is Telephony Control protocol Specification and describes the call control and signaling of voice over Bluetooth. ...
Bluetooth Security
In Bluetooth the different keys are uses for Encryption and decryption. ...
Why is Bluetooth the way it is? ...
Bluetooth use Scatter net kind of ad-hoc connectivity.
There are major considerations in the Bluetooth deigns are followings
The radio spectrum must be available worldwide without the need of license. ...
CDMA techniques are used for Bluetooth devices in ISM band. Frequency hoping is used in the Bluetooth despite of DSSS.
Bluetooth uses FH-CDMA. For high data rates the packet size is small in the Bluetooth and frequency hop is 1600 hops per second.
In the nature of certain change in the mobile environment the Bluetooth device are changing rapidly. ...
For duplex channel TDD is applied in Bluetooth. ... But this is not much practical in Bluetooth.
Bluetooth device intend to provide both voice as in mobile phones, headsets or voice browser and also data communications to access networks in the traditional way. ... Another source that may be expected to be present in the same areas as the Bluetooth environment would be the 30dBm WLAN transmitters, Thus the Bluetooth devices must be immune to such interference. ...
Bluetooth provides both link level encryption and authentication. ... What forms the host and what Is the host- controller in a Bluetooth device? ...
The host controller is a special module on the Bluetooth hardware that formats the data packets being communicated from the host to the Bluetooth module in-to a format suitable for the link between the host and the module.
For example, if the host is a laptop and the Bluetooth module a USB card, the host controller will format the packets from hosts USB format to the Bluetooth LMP format. ... What is the modulation index used in the radio layer in Bluetooth? ...
The Bluetooth specification says that different Pico nets accessed are multiplexed in time. ... For a computer having all its peripherals connected through Bluetooth, who will be master and who will be slave?
The Bluetooth specification does not require any particular device to be the master. ... Where does a Bluetooth device store the list of other Bluetooth devices in the area? ... The Profiles specifications specify that the Bluetooth controller module should store addresses of all devices in proximity and the addresses of devices with which links are open. ... What Is the Bluetooth data capacity and throughput? ... Bluetooth can support:
One asynchronous data channel, up to three simultaneous synchronous voice channels, or a channel, which simultaneously supports asynchronous data and synchronous voice. ...
IrCOMM: Serial and Parallel Port emulation, enabling existing apps that use serial and parallel communications to use IR without change. ... Other IR devices approaching an existing connection may not
be immediately aware of "the connection if they approach from behind the
current transmitter. ... IrLAP must overcome interference from fluorescent lights, other IR devices, sunlight, moonbeams, and so forth. ... The most important services include the following:
Device Discovery: Explores the nearby IR-space to see who is present and get some hint as to what they can do. ...
Device Discovery: Finds out additional information about devices in the IR space. ...
IrLAN offers three models of operation:
Enable a computer to attach to a LAN via an Access Point Device (sometime called an IR LAN Adapter). The Hewlett Packard Net Beam IR is an example of this type-of device.
Approximate Word count = 7902
Approximate Pages = 31.6
(250 words per page double spaced)
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