Epinephrine
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Epinephrine also known as adnephrine, adrenal, adrenalin, l-adrenalin, adrenaline, (-)-adrenaline, l-adrenaline, adrenamine, adrenan, adrenapax, adrenasol, adrenine, adrenodis, adrenohorma, adrenosan, adrenutol, adrin, balmadren, 4-(1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, hemostasin, haemostasin, hektalin, hemisine, kidoline, levorenin, renalina, renoform, renostypticin, vasotonin, suprel, surrenine, tonogen, numerous other trade and non-systematic names. The hormone was first extracted (1901) from the adrenal glands of animals by Jokichi Takamine; it was synthesized (1904) by Friedrich Stolz. Epinephrine stimulates the heart rate to increase the strength of contraction, and increases blood pressure. Epinephrine use increases respiratory rate, tidal volume and minute ventilation. It can be an effective bronchodilator with duration of between 60 and 90 minutes after inhalation or subcutaneous injection. Absorption from tissues beneath the skin is slow because of local constriction of a blood vessel. Intramuscular injection produces a more rapid effect. Small amounts of epinephrine appear in the urine of normal individuals. Epinephrine is used to assist with some breathing problems and some heart problems.
Epinephrine is widely used as an additive in local anaesthetics to improve the depth and duration of the anaesthesia, as well as to reduce bleeding in the operative field...