Barn Burning
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Genetics and Evolution
Transmission: passing of genetics from generation to generation.
Nucleus: site where DNA is found in some cells
Prokaryotes: have no nucleus, no internal membranous compartments, and only one long circular DNA chromosome.
Nucleolus: site of ribosome synthesis, dense chromatin being used
Chromatin: material comprised of DNA+protein+ (RNA)
 organized into chromosomes: 1 piece of DNA
Heterochromatin: more clumpy chromatin, cannot be used by the cell; being stored
Euchromatin: DNA being used; less dense
Cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate microtubules
Centrioles organize microtubules
RNA: one bit of info at a time; disposable
Transcription: DNA RNA
Translation: RNAprotein (ribosome is device)
Smooth ER: carbohydrate and lipid synthesis
Ribosomes: protein synthesis
Replication: DNA DNA
Genetics: study of genes through their variation only when a gene varies can we study it, follow its inheritance and its effects on an organism.
Genetic analysis is not possible with out genetic mutants.
Molecular Genetics: the structure of the genetic material, DNA how it directs cellular function- how it is:
a) replicated: duplicated so it can be inherited
b) TRANSCRIBED into RNA so its info can be used and how the info can eventually be deciphered through
--Translation of the
--genetic code
Wild Type: majority type
What ever is not wild type is mutant
Population Genetics
1. Identification, Characterization, and Location of genes
-with in a species, the gene is in the same relative position in ALL normal individuals
2. How genes are turned on/off
Trait: a distinguishable characteristic
Phenotype: characteristic expressed by an individual
DOMINANT-RECESSIVE
Genotype: the genetic make-up of an individual; homogenous, heterogeneous (carrier)
DNA- the genetic material
Allele- any one of alternate genes
Gene: molecular/structural unit of inheritance or function unit of information
Locus: any specific position on a chromosome
Chromatin: protein+ DNA
Chromosomes: structural unit of DNA made of chromatin. Chromosomes come in pairs (1 from each parent in sexually reproducing organisms)
Genome: complete set of chromosomes, therefore genes of individual
Gene Product: RNA or protein which genetic info encodes
Mutation: a change in the DNA of an organism (or cell)
Evolution: gradual change in population over long period of time- cumulative
1N Haploid "even number" euploid
2N Diploid "2n+1"  aneuploid
Polymorphism: any trait that comes in more than one variant
Marker: any genetic element we can trace
Constitutions: gene activity that stays the same vs. facilitative~ up and down gene activity (regulated)
Mendel: parental equivalence, heredity information comes in unit factors-"alleles" and the come in pairs, express dominant/recessive
Monoecious: male and female organs found on same plant
Diecious: plant has one sex organ, male and female
Hermaphrodite: Have male and female parts in same area
Peas are true breeding plants
Monohybrid: organisms with two different phenotypes of one trait
Genes are identified after a mutant of the trait had been discovered
Dihybrid cross: Genotypes and Phenotypes
Chromosomal theory of inheritance- states that inherited traits are controlled by genes that reside in chromosomes which are faithfully transmitted through gametes for future generations.
Genetics: is the branch of biology concerned with heredity and variation;
-involves study of cells, individuals, their offspring, and the populations within
Population lives
-genetics investigates all forms of inherited variation, as well as their underlying
basis for such characteristics
Center of heredity in a cell is the nucleus, where genetic materials are in forms called genes; present on chromosomes...