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... It brought great losses both to China and Russia. ... Fourth, having experienced a stagnation of twenty years, the development of Sino-USSR (Sino-Russia) trade many problems. The hardware including bank system, transportation, communication system and the software like opinions, political policy are two old or even not existed, which can hardly be suitable to the development of the Sino-Russia trade under the open policy. ... It will surely lay a negative effect on the development of the Sino-Russia trade relation. ... Present Situation of Sino-Russia International Trade §1. MAIN CHANNELS AND FORMS OF SINO-RUSSIA INTERNATIONAL TRADE Nowadays some of the channels and forms of Sino-Russia International Trade are traditional, yet some are new-born with the development of economic situation. ... 1 Main Channels Since Sino-Russia International Trade is the continuation of Sino-Soviet Union International Trade, it is inevitable to begin this part from the Sino-Soviet Union International Trade/ ＊Conventional Trade Between Governments Conventional Trade between governments is usually called Trade of States or Big Trade, which is the main channel adopted by governments of China and Soviet Union to develop the economic relations. ... For example, from 1987 to 1989,the volume of trade between the Chinese government and the government of Soviet Union dropped 300,000,000 francs, however, the frontier trade between the Chinese coastal provinces and Siberia of Russia has risen to 900,000,000 francs. ... In 1993, 80％of Sino-Russia international trade depends on frontier trade and direct trade between enterprises of two countries . ... Till the early 90s, barter trade makes up about 80％of Sino-Soviet Union trade and Sino-Russia frontier trade. ... Sino-Russia international trade has inherited this channel of trade. ... The direct economic trade relations between departments of China and Russia also belong to local trade. ... Those inland provinces also can develop various economic relations with Russia by way of frontier trade. It is initiative in the history of Sino-Russia international trade to establish the relations of economic trade directly between two countries localities (frontier provinces are excluded). Because of the appearance of local trade, Sino-Russia trade has formed a new aspect which includes conventional trade, local trade and frontier trade. ... In order to legalize such a contact, China and Russia signed an agreement about this point, which gave definite regulations on a series of legal problems concerning the relations of frontier trade between two countries. ... 2 Main Forms ※Barter Trade Barter trade is a traditional way in Sino-Soviet Union and Sino-Russia trade, which occupies a special position in Sino-Russia economic collaboration. ... As we all know, both China and Russia are countries without capacity to earn foreign exchange through export and insufficient foreign exchange reserve. Whats more, China and Russia cant use hard currency to import urgent goods required by domestic market. ... Its the same with Russia. ... Unlike the traditional barter trade, the Xianhui Trade needs to draw on hard currencey, which is difficult to China and Russia, two countries without sufficient foreign exchange reserve. Thus the volume of trade between China and Russia in 1991 came down obviously to only $390,000. ... In the early 90s,it was still very difficult for China and Russia to develop Xianhui Trade since both countries had not sufficient foreign exchange and necessary financial setup. However, with the adjustment of the relations in trade between two countries, such a modernized and normal Xianhui Trade will play a more and more important role in Sino-Russia trade. ... Merchants of China and Russia can carry their own countries commodities to sell in the places of tourism. The character of this form of trade is :〖a〗The quick circulation of fund 〖b〗Simple way of doing business 〖c〗Sensitive reactions to the ever-changing market ※Air-business Corridor After the disintegration of Soviet Union, China and Russia started this new form of trade. When merchants in China and Russia have paid some expense to the Russian airline companies, airline companies will not only guarantee to transport the products to the designated place, but also pay for the customs duty for merchants. Thus, Tianjing, Jinan, Shengyang in China and many cities in Russia have formed this special Air-business corridor. ... NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN SINO-RUSSIA INTERNATIONAL TRADE After the cold war, people emphasized the economic factor all over the world. In Sino-Russia relationship, the relation in trade has been paid much attention to by both governments. Δ The course of development in Sino-Russia trade Generally speaking, in the period of six years (from 1992 to 1997), rapid progress has been made in Sino-Russia trade relationship although the Sino-Russia trade relationship was not so steady. ... Volume of Sino-Russia Trade From 1991 To 1997 (unit :$10,000) Year Total volume of import and export trade Decrease compared with last year(%) 1991 390425 -10. ... 0 According to the diagram, the Sino-Russia trade relationship had gone through three periods: rapid development, great decline and adjustment for improvement ＃1992～1993 The Period of Rapid Development At the end of 1991, after the negotiation, China and Russia reached a series of agreements, which successfully realized the transition from the relationship of the Sino-Soviet Union to that of the Sino-Russia. The government of Russia showed that Russia would acknowledge and inherit all the agreements and contracts signed between China and Soviet Union, hoping that Russia could extend mutual economic and technological cooperation with China. After President Yeltsin and Premier Li Peng met in New York in January31, 1992, all the departments of external economy in Russia were required to enter the practical work at once in order to fulfil those contracts. ... The president of Russia also extended a warm welcome to any suggestion proposed by China to develop the economic relations. After Deng Xiaoping made important statements in the south of China in the spring of 1992, China opened the trading port to Russia and provided all kinds of preferential policies to enterprises and companies in frontier region as well. At that time, Russia experienced economic crisis, which caused the great shortage of commodities especially food and daily necessities. Russia was in great need of Chinese commodities through import. In order to promote trade, Russia also decided to rescind the rigid rules about that both countries must use foreign exchange in trade. Under the encouragement from both sides, Sino-Russia trade took on a new look. ... The economy of Russia fell into the crisis with the year after year of decrease in the production and foreign trade. However, during that period, Sino-Russia trade increased by a big margin instead of decreasing and the turnover reached 58. ... China ranked third among the trade partners of Russia, only after Germany and Italy. Russia ranked fifth among the trade partners of China after Hongkong, Japan, U. ... Sino-Russia trade from 1992 to 1993 had broken through the former pattern in which the focus was conventional trade between the governments. ... A considerable part of Sino-Russia trade (1992～1993)was barter trade. ... While food, products of light industry, daily necessities are exported to Russia . ... During that period ,China and Russia also had a new development on the cooperation in other aspects . If people make a general survey of Sino-Russia trade from1992 to 193, they may draw following conclusions: ☆Most of the factors which promoted the increase of Sino-Russia trade are accidental and temporary such as the severe shortage in Russia market ,the lack of foreign exchange in Russia trade partners and so on. ... 1994～1995 Big Decline After two years of development in Sino-Russia trade from 1992 to 1993, there was a big decrease in the volume of the trade in 1994. In 1994, China ranked seventh among Russia trade partners. ... In the past, Sino-Russia trade was carried out mainly between the governments. ... 80% of Sino-Russia trade were realized by the means of frontier trade and local trade. ... The following are the reasons of that decline: From the late 1993, the government of Russia began to restrict barter trade. China and Russia began to carry out the system of transit visa from the January, 28,1994. ... The open policy of Russia and various channels of import produced the abundance of products in the market. Chinese traditional structure of export products had been used to the change in the consumer market in Russia. In order to prevent the economy from being too “hot”, China adopted the policy of retrench, which influenced the Chinese demands for raw materials and machine equipment from Russia. The instability of Russian domestic economic and political situation affected Russian ability to carry out the resolutions, at the same time, it also affected the interest and confidence held by big enterprises and companies in China to invest in Russia in large scale. ... The considerable influence was exerted by that problem on Sino-Russia trade, especially frontier trade and local trade. ... Both sides have reached a series of agreements on the construction of systems and laws in frontier region so as to develop ties of peace , friendship and prosperity between China and Russia. ＃The Adjustment and Improvement Period since 1996 Since 1996, China and Russia have taken some measures to try to solve the problems in the both sides’ cooperation in economy and trade. Propose the objective of a struggle to increase the volume of Sino-Russia trade From April ,24 to 26 in 1996, President Yeltsin paid an official visit to China . ... China and Russia signed over ten documents about cooperation. During Li Peng’s official visit to Russia from December26to 28 ,1996,both sides further discussed measures to strengthen cooperation. They agreed that China and Russia should try best to raise the volume of Sino-Russia trade to 80 hundred million dollars in 1997. ... Jiang Zemin paid an official visit to Russia from April 22 to 26 in 1997 and he stressed that in order to realize the objective of 200 hundred million dollars at the end of that century, both sides should try to raise the volume of bilateral trade to 80 or 100 hundred million dollars in 1997 first. Recognition of the Importance of Bilateral Relations in Economy and Trade The governments of China and Russia have paid attention to the development of cooperative relationship in economy and trade. ... On the November 9, 1997, China and Russia emphasized the cooperation in the following fields: The production of natural gases, petroleum, nuclear, energy equipment and cooperation in civil aviation, chemistry, food industry, electrical household appliances etc. ... Problems existing in the Sino-Russia trade relations: §1. ... Many small trade companies of both sides are eager for quick success and instant benefits, so China’s many counterfeit goods pour into Russia market. ... However, now Korean and Japanese competitors also try their best to enter the vast Russia market with their high-quality goods. ... Some Chinese trade units regard Russia market as the so-called “parallel market”, which can absorb low-grade commodities even like some African countries. ... More important, the renaissance of Russia’s economics, the rapid growth of China’s economy, and the allied strategic interests really remind us of the complementary need between each other. ... The Russia migration service reported “on any given day, about 30,000 Chinese tourists are in Russias Far East. ... ” Russian officials complain that while the Chinese are engaged in successful trade in Russia, none of their profits find their way into the local economy. ... Chinese businessmen hire unemployed countrymen and send them to Russia as tourists. ... Receipts from the sales go to firms that the same businessmen establish in Russia. ... Firstly, according to the China Trade, in 1998 the trade volume covers only 5% of the total importing and exporting volume of Russia. ... 2% of the whole Sino-Russia trade. ... In fact, Sino-Russia trade relations lack the form of big global standard trade cooperation; therefore, this cooperation still remains at a very small level. ... Until 1998 Russia has only invested 0. ... 18 billion US dollars in Russia, while from 1993 to 1997 Russia has absorbed 9. ... Therefore, the trade cooperation is not in line with the large potential of both countries, and also not in line with the rapid increasing Sino-Russia political and military relationship. ... For example, according to China’s trade yearbook, in 1993 the total import and export trade volume between China and Russia is almost 7. ... In 1998, the total trade amount between China and Russia was 5. ... This disequilibrium of bilateral trade seriously influences the normal development of Sino-Russia trade relationship. ... More important, the trade structure is not fit for the stable growth of Sino-Russia trade relations. According to China’s 1999 economic report, until now what Russia exports to China are still mainly so-called “four main commodities”, which are machines, ferrous metal, chemical fertilizer and timber. What Russia import from China are mainly foodstuff and some household electrical appliances. The present Sino-Russia trade structure cannot spur the further and steady trade development, and cannot make the full use of the present trade complementary potentials. ... In Russia’s respect, the trade policies are not stable and effective; as a result, Chinese companies that are accustomed to trading with Western corporations are full of worries when they trade with Russian companies. What affects the Sino-Russia trade relationship is that these two countries have never established trade relation mechanism system conformed to the world standard until now.
Approximate Word count = 11285
Approximate Pages = 45.1
(250 words per page double spaced)
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