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1 Which type of explanation would describe eating in terms of the hypothalamus affecting insulin production which affects the availability of glucose in cells? a. evolutionary b. ontogenetic c. functional d. physiological status: not answered () correct: d your answer: ________________________________________ 2 Which type of explanation might describe the presence of a behavior in a particular species by showing how that behavior increased the reproductive success of the species? a. ontogenetic b. solipsistic c. physiological d. evolutionary status: not answered () correct: d your answer: ________________________________________ 3 In a small population of sheep, the dominant male may produce many more offspring than the other males, spreading his genes. This is an example of: a. recombination. b. genetic drift. c. physiological explanation. d. artificial selection. status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 4 Although Rene Descartes was a dualist, what troubled him most about the mind-brain relationship? a. how a physical brain could act on a physical body b. how an immaterial mind could influence a physical brain c. that we can't see mental events d. that no one agreed with his ideas status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 5 If you are unsure whether or not the physical world really exists outside of your mind, you would be considered a(n): a. materialist b. dualist c. universalist d. mentalist status: not answered () correct: d your answer: ________________________________________ 6 The reason nearly all neuroscientists reject dualism is that: a. it conflicts with the all-or-none law of the axon. b. the mind and brain interact, but not in the ways that interest neuroscientists. c. it conflicts with the law of conservation of matter and energy. d. the mind exists only in our imagination. status: not answered () correct: c your answer: ________________________________________ 7 Solipsism is the position that: a. I alone have consciousness. b. neither dualism nor monism is correct. c. people experience consciousness. d. it is difficult to know whether other people have conscious experiences. status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 8 Recessive genes manifest their effects only when the individual is __________ for them. a. homosapien b. homozygous c. heterozygous d. sex limited status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 9 Suppose all people with blonde hair have blue eyes and all people with dark hair have brown eyes. If the genes for eye and hair color are on the same chromosome, then what would most likely happen if these chromosomes crossed over? a. hair and eye color could be inherited independently b. hair color would be dominant over eye color c. all people with blonde hair will have brown eyes d. all people with dark hair would have brown eyes status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 10 Which of the following is TRUE regarding mutations? a. Mutated genes tend to be dominant. b. Mutations most often result in beneficial changes. c. Ten to twenty percent of anyone's genes are mutations. d. Mutations are random events. status: not answered () correct: d your answer: ________________________________________ 11 If a group of individuals shares a highly similar environment, what effect does this have on the heritability estimate of a characteristic? a. Heritability will be low. b. Heritability will be high. c. Heritability estimates will be unaffected. d. It is determined by the power of the environmental factors. status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 12 Being born with greater athletic ability may make it more likely that they will participate in sports and develop even greater athletic ability. The opportunity to play sports increased the apparent effect of genes, which illustrates the _______ effect. a. multiplier b. subtractive c. additive d. heritability status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 13 What is it called when some animals are selectively bred because they possess some desirable characteristic? a. evolution b. artificial selection c. artificial insemination d. natural selection status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 14 Which of the following represents Lamarckian evolution? a. "If you don't use it, you lose it" b. "look out for #1" c. "survival of the fittest" d. "reproduction of the fittest" status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 15 Why is a genetic explanation for altruism problematic? a. Only non-human animals exhibit altruistic behaviors. b. No behavior has been linked to any genes. c. Altruism is more common among the young than among adults. d. Altruistic behaviors rarely benefit the individual performing them. status: not answered () correct: d your answer: ________________________________________ 16 What is the function of an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee? a. to determine whether research is merely for the benefit of humans b. to evaluate proposed experiments to ensure that they minimize pain and discomfort c. to provide food and water for lab animals, and keep cages clean d. to evaluate veterinarians who provide care to laboratory animals status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 17 How do most biological psychologists feel regarding the use of animals in research? a. They will avoid using painful procedures, unless they will directly benefit the animal. b. They use animals only if the potential benefits to humans outweigh the costs to the animals. c. They are working to replace all animal experimentation with computer simulations. d. They believe that any animal has the same rights as any human. status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 18 Someone who investigates how the functioning of the brain and other organs influences behavior is called a: a. neuropsychologist. b. comparative psychologist. c. sociobiologist. d. behavioral neuroscientist. status: not answered () correct: d your answer: ________________________________________ 19 Which of the following describes a neuropsychologist? a. tests the abilities and disabilities of brain-damaged people b. has an M.D. and specializes in the treatment of brain damage c. is more often a teacher than a practitioner d. conducts research on animal behavior (similar to an ethologist) status: not answered () correct: a your answer: 1 Which of the following is a characteristic of a dendrite? a. It may be covered with a myelin sheath. b. It carries information away from the cell body. c. It can be up to a meter long. d. It tapers as it gets further from the cell body. status: not answered () correct: d your answer: ________________________________________ 2 The information sender of the neuron, conveying an impulse toward either other neurons or a gland or muscle is called the: a. axon b. soma c. dendrite d. myelin status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 3 Myelin covers: a. vertebrate dendrites b. invertebrate axons c. invertebrate dendrites d. vertebrate axons status: not answered () correct: d your answer: ________________________________________ 4 If you were to accidentally touch a hot stove with your hand, you would quickly pull your hand away. The information carried to the muscles in your arm to make them contract was carried by: a. efferent neurons. b. sensory neurons. c. intrinsic neurons. d. afferent neurons. status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 5 If all of a neuron's dendrites or axons were contained within the spinal cord, it would be considered a(n) _______ neuron. a. Purkinje b. intrinsic c. efferent d. afferent status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 6 In the brain, an arrangement of endothelial cells: a. has gaps that are filled with enzymes that attack most blood chemicals. b. synthesizes neurotransmitters. c. has gaps large enough to allow the passage of molecules. d. does not allow most molecules to pass because the cells are so tightly packed. status: not answered () correct: d your answer: ________________________________________ 7 Molecules that can cross the blood-brain barrier are usually: a. neurotransmitters, such as dopamine. b. large, charged molecules. c. molecules which can dissolve in the fats of the capillary walls. d. large, uncharged molecules, such as lactose. status: not answered () correct: c your answer: ________________________________________ 8 How does glucose enter the brain? a. It attaches to charged molecules in order to cross the blood-brain barrier. b. It passes freely through the blood-brain barrier because it is water-soluble. c. It passes freely through the blood-brain barrier because it is fat-soluble. d. It is pumped in by an active transport system. status: not answered () correct: d your answer: ________________________________________ 9 What is the main source of nutrition for vertebrate neurons? a. glucose b. sodium c. fats d. complex carbohydrates status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 10 What is the approximate resting potential of the inside of a neuron's membrane, relative to the outside? a. 0 to + 10 millivolts b. +30 to +90 millivolts c. -30 to -90 millivolts d. -10 to +10 millivolts status: not answered () correct: c your answer: ________________________________________ 11 When the neuron is at rest, what is responsible for moving potassium ions OUT of the cell? a. an electrical gradient b. the sodium-potassium pump c. a concentration gradient d. both a concentration gradient and an electrical gradient status: not answered () correct: c your answer: ________________________________________ 12 Which of the following is an advantage of having a resting potential? a. No energy is required to maintain it. b. The cell is prepared to respond quickly to a stimulus. c. The toxic effects of sodium are minimized inside the cell. d. All of the ions are maintained in equal concentrations throughout the cytoplasm. status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 13 After the peak of an action potential, what prevents sodium ions from continuing to enter the cell? a. The sodium gates in the membrane close. b. All the available sodium ions have already entered the cell. c. The sodium-potassium pump greatly increases its rate of activity. d. There is no longer a concentration gradient for sodium. status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 14 Why do sodium ions enter a neuron more rapidly during an action potential than during the resting potential? a. increased concentration gradient during an action potential b. increased electrical gradient during an action potential c. opening of the sodium gates in the membrane d. decreased activity by the sodium-potassium pump status: not answered () correct: c your answer: ________________________________________ 15 What would be the probable effect of a drug that decreases the flow of potassium through the potassium gates of the membrane? a. It would slow the return of the membrane to its resting potential. b. It would block action potentials. c. It would cause the membrane to be hyperpolarized. d. It would increase the threshold of the membrane. status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 16 What is known about the velocity of an action potential? a. It is 1-100 m/sec. b. It is the same as the velocity of electricity. c. It is impossible to measure. d. It is approximately the speed of sound. status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 17 How is the speed of an action potential down an unmyelinated axon BEST described? a. faster in thick axons than in thin ones b. the speed of electricity, regardless of the size of the axon c. faster in thin axons than in thick ones d. less than 1 meter per second, regardless of the size of the axon status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 18 Suppose we artificially start one action potential at the axon hillock and another half-way down the axon. What will happen to the one starting at the axon hillock? a. It will cross over the one started half-way down the axon and continue in that direction. b. It will be canceled when it encounters the other traveling towards it. c. It will travel normally to the presynaptic terminals. d. Nothing, it is not possible to generate an action potential at the axon hillock. status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 19 To what does saltatory conduction refer? a. the transmission of an impulse along a myelinated axon b. the transmission of an impulse between one neuron and another c. the production of an action potential by the movement of sodium ions d. the transmission of impulses along dendrites status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 20 Which of the following is missing in a small local neuron? a. cell body b. an electrical gradient across its membrane c. dendrites d. action potentials status: not answered () correct: d your answer: 1 On the basis of what evidence were the properties of synapses first inferred? a. single-neuron recordings b. behavioral observations c. the electron microscope d. PET scans status: incorrect (0.0) correct: b your answer: a feedback: Incorrect. See pg. 54. ________________________________________ 2 The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response is called: a. a reflex arc. b. a synapse. c. extension. d. flexion. status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 3 Why is the speed of conduction through a reflex arc slower than the speed of conduction of an action potential along an axon? a. Interneurons have thicker axons than other neurons. b. There are greater amounts of myelin involved in the reflex arc. c. The longer an axon, the slower its velocity. d. Transmission between neurons at synapses is slower than along axons. status: not answered () correct: d your answer: ________________________________________ 4 Sherrington proposed that subthreshold excitation: a. gradually changes into an inhibition. b. produces a constant, permanent change in the membrane. c. increases over time after stimulation. d. decays rapidly. status: not answered () correct: d your answer: ________________________________________ 5 How does an EPSP differ from an action potential? a. They differ in how many sodium channels are opened. b. One involves hyperpolarization and the other involves depolarization. c. One is due to the opening of sodium channels, while the other is due to the opening of potassium channels. d. They differ in how many potassium channels are opened. status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 6 Simultaneous weak stimuli at different locations produce a greater reflexive response than one of the stimuli by itself. What is this phenomenon called? a. temporal summation b. Sherrington's law c. the all-or-none law d. spatial summation status: not answered () correct: d your answer: ________________________________________ 7 What effect do EPSPs and IPSPs have on the probability of triggering an action potential? a. The probability is decreased by EPSPs and decreased by IPSPs. b. The probability is increased by EPSPs and decreased by IPSPs. c. The probability is increased by EPSPs and increased by IPSPs. d. The probability is decreased by EPSPs and increased by IPSPs. status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 8 Inhibitory synapses: a. may result in either suppression or expression of behavior. b. always result in stimulating behavior. c. affect cells at the presynaptic level, but not at the postsynaptic level. d. always result in suppressing behavior. status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 9 The research that firmly established synapatic communication as chemical was: a. Sherrington's study of reflexes. b. Elliot's adrenaline mimicking sympathetic activation. c. Eccles's measurement of IPSPs. d. Loewi's transfer of fluid from stimulated frog hearts. status: not answered () correct: d your answer: ________________________________________ 10 Large neurotransmitters are synthesized in the: a. presynaptic terminal. b. dendrites. c. postsynaptic terminal. d. cell body. status: not answered () correct: d your answer: ________________________________________ 11 When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, the depolarization causes what ionic movement in the presynaptic cell? a. calcium into the cell b. iron into the cell c. lithium out of the cell d. sodium out of the cell status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 12 The neuron excretes neurotransmitter through its membrane by a process called: a. voltage-dependent flow. b. exocytosis. c. endocytosis. d. Dale's principle. status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 13 What is the synaptic cleft? a. a packet that stores neurotransmitter molecules b. the gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron c. the storage location for calcium ions d. a subthreshold depolarization status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 14 "Second messengers" carry their messages to: a. the presynaptic membrane. b. the surrounding glia. c. areas within the postsynaptic cell. d. areas within the presynaptic cell. status: not answered () correct: c your answer: ________________________________________ 15 Reuptake is the absorption of: a. neurotransmitters by the postsynaptic neuron b. neurotransmitters by glial cells c. neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron d. nutrients and waste products by glial cells status: not answered () correct: c your answer: ________________________________________ 16 Transporters: a. are enzymes that convert neurotransmitters into inactive chemicals. b. transport much needed glucose to the brain. c. are special membrane proteins. d. transport neurotransmitters to the postsynaptic membrane. status: not answered () correct: c your answer: ________________________________________ 17 The chemicals used as neurotransmitters in humans are found in: a. other vertebrates, but not in invertebrates. b. apparently all or nearly all other species. c. no other species. d. other mammals also, but not in nonmammals. status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 18 If a drug has high affinity and low efficacy, what effect does it have on the postsynaptic neuron? a. proactive b. antagonistic c. destructive d. agonistic status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 19 The effectiveness and side-effects of a drug vary from one person to the next. One reason for this is that: a. most drugs interact with the diet to produce variable effects. b. most drugs are chemically unstable, resulting in unpredictable effects. c. each drug tends to affect more than one kind of synapse. d. drugs will break down neurotransmitters into different component parts in different people. status: not answered () correct: c your answer: ________________________________________ 20 Researchers have identified the gene that controls the development of the dopamine type D2 receptor in humans. People with the less common form of this gene were: a. somewhat less likely than others to develop severe alcoholism. b. somewhat less likely than others to engage in a variety of pleasure-seeking behaviors. c. somewhat more likely than others to engage in a variety of pleasure-seeking behaviors. d. frequently introverts. status: not answered () correct: c your answer: QUIZ REVIEW One major problem with studies that use PET or rCBF is: a. choosing an appropriate comparison condition. b. they can be done only while someone is asleep. c. getting the blood to move where you want it. d. they are completely noninvasive. status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 2 Suppose a correlation is found between intelligence and the size of the frontal lobe of the brain. Which of the following statements would be most accurate? a. Being intelligent causes a person to have large frontal lobes. b. As frontal lobe size increases, so does intelligence. c. Intelligence and frontal lobe size are unrelated. d. A large frontal lobe causes a person to be intelligent. status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 3 The central nervous system is composed of: a. the brain and spinal cord. b. all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. c. the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. d. the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. status: not answered () correct: a your answer: ________________________________________ 4 Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above? a. commuter b. horizontal c. coronal d. sagittal status: not answered () correct: b your answer: ________________________________________ 5 A cross section of the spinal cord indicates that gray matter is: a.
Approximate Word count = 12998
Approximate Pages = 52
(250 words per page double spaced)
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